The benthic macroinvertebrate communities in the confluence areas from tributaries to mainstream could play an important role in understanding interactions between materials flows from rivers and their ecological consequences. Based on monitoring on conducted in the four typical tributaries (Huangshui River, Fenhe River, Weihe River and Luohe River) to the Yellow River during spring and autumn in 2015, the characteristics of macroinvertebrate communities are systematically compared. As results, sorted by the number of macroinvertebrate species in both seasons for all confluences, Luohe River (28)>Huangshui River (26)>Fenhe River (23)>Weihe River (17). Moreover, the collecter-gather becomes dominant functional feeding group in both seasons for all confluences except scraper dominated in autumn in Luohe River. Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) reveals that substrate is of significance in structuring benthic macroinvertebrate communities. The survival of aquatic plants seems more favorable to survival of benthic macroinvertebrate. Furthermore, Redundancy Analysis (RDA) suggests that benthic macroinvertebrate communities are mainly influenced by pH and conductivity. The present study provides new information on species composition, density, biomass, functional feeding group of benthic macroinvertebrate communities, and the relationship between macroinvertebrate communities and habitat factors, which would be of particular use to deeper understand the aquatic organism in the Yellow River receiving tributaries, which are interfered to various degree by human activities.

To study the temporal and spatial distribution and its influence factors of diatoms in the middle and lower reaches of Hanjiang River, diatom in water and sediment were sampled from 5 monitoring sites in Spring and Fall, 2014. Based on 18S rRNA Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing technology, 160 species belonging to 111 genuses, 49 families, 28 orders and 3 classes were identified, of which sediment diatom genuses accounted for 98.6%. The species abundance was higher than that of the previous studies, suggesting the significant advantage of high-throughput sequencing technology in diatom identification. The community composition and dominant species in water and sediment were remarkably different, i.e., Pinnularia, Cyclotella and Nitzschia were the dominant species in water, while the dominant species in sediment were Pinnularia, Nitzschia and Navicula. Meanwhile, there exists obvious difference in temporal and spatial distribution of diatom community, due to the fact that Shannon diversity index displayed apparent spatial heterogeneity and diatom species in sediment were higher than that in water; from the view of season changes, the Shannon diversity index in fall were higher than that in spring. Furthermore, total nitorgen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate and total phosphorus displayed great impact on diatom community composition. As results, controlling nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in the middle and lower reaches of Hanjiang River will be of great importance to avoid diatom blooms.

An enrichment method was used to enrich functional bacteria in continuous fluid using porous carrier, which simulated dynamic environments. This method was developed based on the theory of enrichment culture and medium retain manner technique. Four bacteria strains were isolated from sewer using benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) to provide energy and carbon, among them a single strain of bacteria isolated, identified as Acinetobacter sp. Bap30 according to 16S rRNA gene sequence and identification of its physiological and biochemical characteristics, grew in mineral salt medium with 40 mg/L BaP and degraded 28.7% BaP after 20 days of incubation. The BaP-degradation function of Acinetobacter genus has not been previously reported in the literature. Addition of extra carbon sources (in particular sucrose) and phenanthrene (a low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) influenced the degradation rate, which was effectted by the type and concentration. The present study is of practical importance in environmental engineering, given that BaP is a highly toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) commonly found in petroleum-polluted soil and industrial discharges such as coking wastewater.

19 fungus were isolated from two different soil environments and a comparative analysis of their heavy metal tolerance was conducted. Among them, 18 fungus, i.e. Aspergillus sp., Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., were isolated respectively from the contaminated soil of Shuikoushan nonferrous metals mine in Hunan Province; 2 fungus, identified as Aspergillus niger., were isolated from non-contaminated soil in green land located in Langfang Economic Development Zone. Fungus isolated from the contaminated soil and noncontaminated green land as well as those reported previously are compared in terms of their heavy metal resistance characterized with the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). As results, mechanism of fungal resistance of high concentrations of heavy metals was revealed. The fungus of heavy metal resistance primarily relies on the sites of their isolation, metal species, fungi species and metal speciation. Considering their high heavy-metal tolerance, e.g. MICs 144 mmol/L for Pb(Ⅱ), 36 mmol/L for Cd(Ⅱ) and Cu(Ⅱ), and 72 mmol/L for As(Ⅲ), the isolated fungus perform excellent and thus have higher potential for soil restoration.

Comparative study of habitats as well as zoobenthos communities was made using 12 typical intertidal wetlands along Chinese shoreline, and relationship between habitats and biological communities were revealed. As results, zoobenthos communities in intertidal wetlands were spatially differentiated in line with the geographical zones. The environmental factors can interpret the zoobenthos community compositions at the levels of family and genus. On the other hand, tidal difference had great influences on the species number of zoobenthos characterized with its significant positive correlation between them, which was even more significant in the intertidal wetlands of similar natural conditions.

Pseudomonas sp. QG6, which could utilize quinoline as sole carbon and nitrogen source, was isolated from industrial wastewater. The best conditions for simultaneously biodegrading quinoline and removing phosphorus were optimized through orthogonal experiment. Strain QG6 displayed excellent capability of biodegrading quinoline, i.e., the biodegradation process could be completed in 12 hours with initial quinoline concentration of 96?144 mg/L. With organic carbon as carbon source, inorganic nitrogen as nitrogen source and no quinoline added, the removal efficiency of 8.69?19.41 mg/L of phosphate could reach 86% in 20 hours, suggesting strain QG6 displayed perfect phosphate removal in aerobic condition. With no external organic carbon source added, the simultaneous phosphate removal efficiency of 10 mg/L was only 33% though the degradation of quinoline (C/N=7:1) with initial concentration of 144 mg/L showed little decrease. Adding external organic carbon source to initial C/N of 20:1 significantly improved phosphorus removal when simultaneously degrading quinoline, i.e., the removal efficiency of phosphate significantly increased up to 86%. Results of orthogonal experiment display that with degree of external carbon source, the optimum pH, temperature (T), rotation speed of shaking table (S) and initial concentration of quinoline (C0) in order of importance are C0=200 mg/L, T=25°C, pH=8 and S=120 rpm for quinoline degradation; and S=100 rpm, T=25°C, C0=150 mg/L and pH=9 for phosphate removal, respectively.

To explore a new route of high value utilization about the waste biomass resources of current environmental pollution, to expand the source of new microbial strains for drugs screening, the antitumor activity of secondary metabolites of the fungus P. lanosum NT-121 was researched as an example. Three bioactive metabolites produced by P. lanosum NT-121 were isolated by a bioassay-guided separation procedure using liquid-liquid extraction, column chromatography and recrystallization methods. The structures of these compounds obtained were identified as 5α,8α-epidioxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol (1), quercetin (2) and terrain (3) through spectroscopic methods and comparing with the related references. The antitumor activity of compound 1, 2 and 3 was assayed by the MTT method using K562 cells and they inhibited the proliferation of K562 cells with the IC₅₀ values of 45.8 μg/ mL, 563.8 μg/ mL and 6.5 μg/ mL, respectively. The compounds isolated have not been found in the metabolites of P. lanosum so far and compound 1 and 3 could inhibit K562 cells.

A bacterium capable of phosphorus removal was isolated. Through morphology observation and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the isolate was identified as Salinivibrio sp. (named HG-1). Salinity tolerance and phosphorus removal efficiency under different salinity conditions of the strain were further investigated. The results showed that HG-1 grew well with the salt content varying from 1% to 13% and achieved the highest phosphorus removal efficiency under salt content of 3%. Furthermore, the single-factor and orthogonal experiment results indicated that the optimal phosphorus removal performance was obtained under the conditions with an initial pH of 6.5?7.0, C/N ratio of 9, temperature of 30°C and inoculation ratio of 10%. Under such a condition, the phosphorus removal efficiency could reach 100% in 24 hours. The strain HG-1 can independently complete phosphorus removal process, and thus could provide a novel and promising alternative for biological phosphorus removal under high salinity conditions.

As a kind of new biosorbent, aerobic granular sludge which has the advantages of strong adsorption capacity and easily-desorbing property, was paid great attention in the area of heavy metal waste water treatment. In this research, the adsorption behaviors of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) which extracted from aerobic granular sludge using improved centrifugation methods were studied. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ on EPS was considerably large. The experimental results were fit well with the Langmuir iostherms model. The maximum adsorption capacity for Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ by EPS was up to 534.76 mg/g and 478.47 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, the competitive adsorption experiments presented that EPS exhibited a selective adsorption for Pb²⁺. Specially, there was a minor inhibition for Pb²⁺ adsorption in presences of Cd²⁺, while the adsorption capacity of Cd²⁺ was greatly decreased when Pb²⁺ co-existed in solutions. FT-IR and EEM analysis revealed that EPS was rich in hydrophilic groups and hydrophobic groups, which was benefit to combine heavy metals by complexation, ions exchange and chelation. The adsorption of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ by EPS was mainly attributed to the ?COOH, ?NH2, ?CH, ?OH and ?C=O groups from protein fractions of them. The main adsorption mechanism of Pb²⁺ by EPS was ion exchange and complexation, while for Cd²⁺ was mainly took effect by complexation.

A new hybrid material (Mn-SD300) was prepared by coating manganese oxide onto the adsorption resin SD300, which adopted the method of in-suit potassium permanganate oxidation and reduction. The adsorption ability of Mn-SD300 for Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺ was studied. The results of TEM, XRD and XPS demonstrated that the form of manganese oxide loaded on the resin was MnO₂. A good adsorption property of Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺ onto Mn-SD300 was indicated by the batch experiments. The adsorption behavior of Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺ on Mn-SD300 was well described by pseudo-first-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model (R²>0.99), and the maximum adsorption capacity of Mn-SD300 towards Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺, were up to 76.92 mg/g and 142.86 mg/g respectively at 303 K. Compared to the conventional cation exchange resin D001, Mn-SD300 had a better adsorption selectivity to Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺, when Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Na⁺ coexisted at high concentration.

An encoding system for landslide and rock fall hazard, applicable to multi-scale, is proposed. Multi-factor information that can affect the landslide and rock fall hazard occurrences and their hazard degrees is given to study units by codes at different scales. Some study units with historical disaster records are selected as reference, and codes of these units in reference are interpreted by Monte Carlo model. Then a large number of other units can be interpreted according to the assumption that regions with similar codes should have similar hazards. Wide range applications, paying more attention to uncertainty study, low requirements for data, intuitive and detailed information presented by codes, avoiding redundancy of data and simplifying calculation are advantages of this approach. This study has great significance for identification of landslide and rock fall hazard characteristics and hazard assessment and prevention.

With the concept of resource efficiency and cleaner production, a green extraction process of diosgenin from Dioscorea zingiberensis tubers was proposed. This method contained of excluding starch from raw material and bioconverting the saponins in the residue by Trichoderma reesei. Compared to acid hydrolysis, 98.7% of diosgenin could be extracted from plant tubers through the new process, with 98.0% of starch recovered in the form of sugar. Consequently, 99.4% ofCOD, 100% of SO^2-₄ and 100% of acid were reduced in processing wastewater. In addition, acid hydrolysis by-products were greatly limited, e.g. two priority pollutants [Bis( 2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and Di-n-butyl phthalate], which are specified by United States Environmental Protection Agency, typically detected in Dioscorea zingiberensis wastewater from conventional acid hydrolysis process, disappeared automatically in the proposed cleaner process.

This paper describes the reuse of paper sludge, an industrial solid waste, for the preparation of pulp refining additive through organic modification. The process includes pretreatment, basification, etherification and post-treatment. The optimal preparation condition is: m( paper sludge) ∶m( sodium hydroxide) ∶m( sodium chloroacetate) = 0.9 ∶0.8 ∶1. 15; basification at 40 ℃, 90 min; etherification at 60℃, 3 hours. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction spectra (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), optical microscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM) are adopted to analyze and characterize the product. Furthermore, application results indicate that the product can reduce pulp refining energy consumption under the same pulp freeness or improve paper cohesion under the same pulp refining energy consumption. The technology that is characterized by lowproduction cost can bring good economic benefit and strong market competition ability.

Taking Shenzhen City as a case study, Equal Standard Pollution Load Index and Equal Standard Pollution Load per Product were used to analyze the characteristics of heavy metals discharge from industrial pollution sources, including pollutant species, temporal-spatial distribution, and industrial contribution. The comparison analysis between 1996 and 2007 was made to examine the characteristics of heavy metals discharged in the recent ten years. The results exhibit as follows: 1) The ranking of average heavy-metal equal standard pollution load was given in the order from large to small as Cr( Ⅵ) , Cd, Pb, Hg and As over the last decade. 2) The amount of heavy-metal discharge increased whereas the amount of heavy metals per product decreased from 1986 to 2007. 3) Compared with other administrative districts and river basins, Longgang District and Pingshan River Basin occupied the highest proportions of pollution load and pollution load per product in 1996, whereas Futian District and Shenzhen River Basin were the highest in 2007. 4) Electronic & Communicating Equipment Manufacturing( ECEM) Industry and Metal Product Manufacturing (MPM) Industry were the top two industries with the maximum pollution load and pollution load per product in 1996 and 2007. The results indicate that Cr( Ⅵ) is the priority pollutants and efforts should be fixed on the ECEM and MPM industry.

Rapid assessment approach is applied to the flood hazard and sustainable development in China based on specified multi-layer indicator systems using county level administrative region as mapping units. According to the interrelationships of flood hazard and sustainable development index, a new classification system is used to map China into four regions. The regional differences of the flood hazard impacts on the sustainable development in these four zones are discussed. Moreover, each zone is further classified into several sub-zones. The characteristics of major and typical counties (cities) are further discussed based on statistics of counties (cities) in different sub-zones.

Two classification methods of soil erosion intensity are set by the Ministry of Water Resources of PR China. One is direct index method which takes soil erosion modulus or annual soil erosion thickness as the classification index. The other is indirect index method which takes some earth surface factors influencing soil erosion as the classification index. In practice, the indirect method is usually adopted because of its convenience in data collection. Based on the rapid assessment method of soil erosion proposed in the authors' previous study, the soil erosion intensity is assessed for the Yellow River basin by using the indirect method. Comparing the assessment results with the investigation results, the applicability of the indirect index method is analyzed, providing reference for the application of the indirect classification method of soil erosion intensity.

The gene encoding gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase from a soil-borne Gram-negative bacterium, Ralstonia solanacearum GMI1000, was cloned and overexpressed in E. coli. The resulting product incorporated a (His) 6 tag was purified to homogeneity from the harvested cell extracts by affinity chromatography. SDS-PAGE showed that the polypeptide exhibited an approximate molecular mass of 38 kDa. The optimal temperature and pH for gentisate cleavage catalyzed by the enzyme were 30 ℃ and 7.5, respectively. The K_m of the enzyme was determined to be 56 μmol/L. The pI was 4.6-4.8. The active site of the gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase with gentisate was also modeled.

Feasibility of combined fermentation of sewage sludge and waste molasses to ?Bacillus thuringiensis? based biopesticide was studied. As a kind of useful supplemental carbon sources, waste molasses proved to be effective in promoting the growth and metabolism of ?Bacillus thuringiensis? when the additive proportion was lower than 2.0%. Excessive molasses delayed the fermentation process and restrained the spores or crystals from maturing. The best combined medium was found to be sewage sludge (3% total solid) supplemented with 1.5 % molasses (w/w). In this medium, the highest viable cells count (VC) and viable spores count (VS) could rise up to 4.17×10⁸CFU?mL^-1and 3.60×10⁸CFU?mL^-1, respectively. Both crystal protein concentration and entomotoxicity of this medium were also superior to other combined media at the end of fermentation, with the highest crystal protein yield of 1.96 mg?mL^-1 and entomotoxicity of 788 IU?μL^-1, respectively. Moreover, significant correlation can be seen between the crystal protein yield and the entomotoxicity. Therefore, crystal protein yield can be used as a simple but reliable index for assessing the Bt fermentation process.

A kind of macroporous carriers was used to immobilize acclimated activated sludge in a biotrickling filter for removing hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). The experiments on removal of H₂S had been carried out in the reactor system for about one year. The period of start up could be divided into four stages, including pre bubbling, selective culture, immobilization and direct H₂S culture. It needed only 18 days to start up the system and to operate steadily. The optimum pH, rate of spray nutrient and empty bed residence time were 2.16, 70 mL/min and 25 s, respectively. When the removal efficiency of H₂S was 100%, the maximum influent load of the biotrickling filter (114 gH₂S/(m3carriers?h)) was five times that of the plastic pall rings biotrickling filter. The main metabolism end products were sulphate while the by products were whitish yellow sulphur suspensions. Close correlation was found among pH, oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and concentration of sulfate.